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Environmental Management Forces: the Environmental Management Forces (EMF’s) reference to all initiatives that push Environmental Management obligatorily or freely and directly or indirectly. Environmental management is defined as the set of actions that lead to a whole management of an environmental system. In this way anthropic activities that influence any environment are organized in order to produce a good standard of live reducing and mitigating environmental problems. Human beings, throughout history, have made environmental management (have managed the environment), although perhaps unconsciously. For instance, during the Middle Ages, once the environment was altered due to activities like more technical agriculture, some practices started to compensate unbalances. For example, farmers started rotating crops to control pest populations and plant diseases. The practice was not necessarily a response to take care of the environment but it was a technical and economical advantage to improve agricultural output. Is well know that the environmental management is practiced in different ways around the world since environmental issues are considered very important because of many scientific reasons. Nonetheless few people can explain and understand how is taken the decision to make environmental management or take care of the environment. The EMF’s are classified in three large categories that encompass different kinds of modalities or mixes among them: #Political-Legal Force #Economic-Business Force #Own-will Force ==History== The process to have what is now known as EMF has been long. Under the present context of globalization, the three forces could have had an origin maybe simultaneously but logically consequent and ordered. According to Vicente Conesa Fernández-Vítora, in his publication "Instrumentos de la gestión ambiental de la empresa" (Enterprise’ environmental management instruments) many societies go forward in XIX and XX centuries thanks to scientific and industrial progresses.〔http://books.google.com.gt/books?id=bHgEfo9Zc7cC&printsec=frontcover&dq=instrumentos+de+la+gesti%C3%B3n+ambiental+de+la+empresa&hl=es&sa=X&ei=43B-T6nOFZCe8gTXveyCDg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=instrumentos%20de%20la%20gesti%C3%B3n%20ambiental%20de%20la%20empresa&f=false〕 These progresses were revealing step by step the implications of anthropologic activities in the environment never seen nor lived before. A very emblematic case is the formation of acid rain. The acid rain was discovered in London at the beginning of the XIX century. London realized about a skin itching when it rained. In 1852, Robert Angus Smith was the first to prove the relation between acid rain and atmospheric pollution in Manchester, England. The term acid rain was coined in 1872 by Robert Angus Smith. The scientists of that time analyzed the pluvial precipitation finding a large amount of sulfate ions (SO4-). They concluded that the ions were formed from sulfur dioxide produced by carbon factories settled around the city. These events that deteriorated the environment were also the cause to regulate human activities. The Economic-Business Force is probably the oldest where some decisions were implemented indirectly or accidently to take care of the environment. On the other hand, without a doubt, the Political-Legal Force is the first force that emerged when the human activity was recognized technically and scientifically as the cause of important alterations in the ecosystems. With this, regulations and laws were born. The Own-will Force could have been the last force to appear after men have adopted historic and scientific developments given to Environmental Sciences. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Environmental management forces」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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